The Life and Contribution to the Development of the British Empire of J

The Life and Contribution to the Development of the British Empire of James Cook I) Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of this paper is to describe the life and the contribution to the development of the British Empire of one of the most important English explorers. It was in the second half of the 18th century when James Cook, originally a poor farm boy, explored and mapped vast uncharted areas of the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean. However, James Cook was not ‘only’ an explorer. He can also be called a scientist – he managed to introduce new principles into seafaring and cartography. For better understanding, the paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which throws light on the purpose and structure of the paper. The second chapter is a brief introduction to the situation in Great Britain in the 18th century. It helps to explain why and how the so called â€Å"the First British Empire† was built up and later destroyed, and what led to the creation of â€Å"the Second British Empire†. The third chapter deals with Capt. Cook’s life and his three unique expeditions to the Pacific. The fourth part of the paper summarises Cook’s achievements and his contribution to the development of the British Empire. The fifth chapter forms the conclusion of the paper. II) A brief introduction to the situation in Great Britain in the 18th century. Great Britain became a great world power in this period. Under the leadership of William Pitt the Elder, Britain’s Prime Minister and at the same time a man who believed that the strength of the nation's economy depended on overseas expansion, the country gained vast territories all over the world and the so called â€Å"the First British Empire† was founded. The reasons why Great Britain was so successful can be divided into four groups: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Revolutions† – the Industrial Revolution, a financial revolution and a revolution in agriculture made Britain the leading power in Europe. The creation of the Bank of England in 1694 helped to raise capital for colonial wars and to support British trade. At the beginning of the 18th century a series of mechanical inventions enabled the building of the world's first mechanised factories. A steam engine invented in1769 provided the power to drive machinery and thus enabled mass production of goods. The new ways of making products more quick... .... Impà ©rium. Praha: BB art, 1999 CD-ROM: Encarta 98 encyclopedia. „Cook, Captain James.â€Å" Microsoft. CD-ROM.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Microsoft Item: X03-22823 Web sites: http://152.105.19.10/scouts/nunthorp/seeonee/badgewk/history http://www.britannia.com/history. http://freespace.virgin.net/chris.jones/ccsu72.htm http://freespace.virgin.net/chris.jones/ccsu73.htm http://geography.about.com/science/geography/library/weekly/aa101397.htm http://mmbc.bc.ca/source/schoolnet/exploration/cookdeath.html http://members.tripod.com/cuculus/cookbio.html http://winthrop.webjump.com/jcook.html http://www2.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/95oct/jcook.html http://www.arcticculture.about.com/culture/arcticculture/library/yafeatu res/bl-Cook1.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/archive/voyager/history/hs_cook.shtml http://www.captaincookstudyunit.com http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/7557/cook.html http://www.jetcity.com/~kirok/cook.htm http://www.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/lewis_clark/ch4-25.html http://www.mariner.org/age/cook.html http://www.nmm.ac.uk/education/fact_cook.html http://www.pacificcoast.net/~regent/cookbio.html http://www.south-pole.com/p0000071.htm

Toyota’s Ethics and Quality Assurance

Introduction Ethics and Quality are cornerstones for sustainability and the economic performance of Toyota and other entities within their supply chain. The two play a major role an in Toyotas strategic plan; they are woven in the very fabric of the culture of the organization; and they are integrated in risk management as a part of the contingency plan. This paper seeks to highlight Toyota’s concepts of ethics and quality; their continuous benchmarks for improvement as well as their use of knowledge management throughout their supply chain. Ethics in the Supply Chain As part of my analysis of Toyota’s underlying concept of ethics for supply chain management, the following is five essential values implemented by Toyota: 1. Contribute to the development and welfare of the country by working together, regardless of position, in faithfully fulfilling your duties; 2. Be ahead of the times through endless creativity, inquisitiveness, and pursuit of improvement; 3. Be practical and avoid frivolity; 4. Be kind and generous; strive to create a warm, homelike atmosphere; 5. Be reverent, and show gratitude for things great and small in thought and deed. These values are the guiding principles for their production and supply system. They incorporate three core philosophies: customer first, employee satisfaction and company stability. They have also worked in defining boundaries of the supply chain both internally as well as externally. Quality in the Supply Chain Toyota maintains a commitment by putting customers and quality first, and this means ensuring customer satisfaction through the products and services it offers. With respect to quality, Toyota implements â€Å"jikotei kanketsu†, which is a concept that holds true that defect-free process completion ensures that no defective product leaves any production process. Toyota also strives to preserve and improve quality at the world’s highest level and raise cost competitiveness to support high-quality and sustainable growth. They strive to project years into the future and make intentional earnest steps toward making improvements to each and every process. Total ocus and commitment on these ideas has made possible steady well-documented processes, Toyota’s ability to offer the highest quality products and services at the lowest possible cost, and getting it there in the shortest lead time. Knowledge Management Knowledge can be defined as a synergy framed from experience, values, data, evaluation, and expert insight. Knowledge management is a multi-discipline within an organization that makes the best use of knowledge by making it available, sharing it with everyone, and making sure that it is structured in a highly formalized system in an effort to achieve its stated goals and objectives. Toyotas knowledge management strategy focuses on reducing cost risk, leveraging existing assets to reduce cycle time, improve decision making, develop innovative technology faster, develop solutions to problems quicker, and to increase versatility within the workforce. References Bozarth, C. , & Handfield, R. (2008). Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management (2nd ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Book of E.H. Carr on ‘Twenty Years Crisis.’

This paper seeks to make a review the book of E.H. Carr on ‘Twenty Years Crisis.’ The book is about international relations (IR) hence discussion dwells mainly on related different IR concepts including utopianism and â€Å"extreme† realism.  The book was written by Edward Hallett Carr in 1939 and is believed to be one of the classics in international relations (IR).   I see two reasons why Carr’s book makes a special place in the field of IR. Firstly, since the book was first printed in 1939, it is believed that it greatly contributed to the establishment of international as an autonomous discipline; secondly, it has a quite good amount of texts in understanding classical realism.An observant mind would think that the book was written shortly before the outbreak of World War II – as the author himself has put in the preface to the first edition. The book is believed to have grown out of the author’s disappointment with utopianism and â₠¬Å"extreme† realism that appeared to him to belong to opposite poles that have developed in the study and practice of international politics after the Great War. Utopianism is believed to have its roots from the philosophical liberalism and gained popularity in the first decade after WWI which included the view that there is goodness in man and of humankind as united by a substantial harmony of interests; the existence of natural law; and a reliance on the constructive consequence of public opinion on politics.Using the doctrine of utopianism, one could see the creation of the League of Nations and the liberal international economic system. But for author Carr, he saw the opposite, arguing that these two liberal institutions were weak which actually uncovered the weaknesses of the utopian approach.   It was Carr’s view, that the political and economic events in Europe occurring before the World II proved that principles like the universal interest in peace or the bene fits of open markets were not really true in the real sense since these developments were dependent on a distribution of power favouring the status quo countries which included Great Britain and the United States at the time.Carr’s emphasis on power in international politics, however, does not preclude him from disagreeing with those who take this realist principle to its extremes. He looks at politics as a constant quest for power in which imagination does not play any role, and making an allowance for morality as always relative and functional to interests. Thus he argued that the kind of realism developed in the decade before World War II, made utopianism’s opposite mistake that is analysis made makes purpose lacking in meaning.   Carr’s contemporaries including â€Å"heirs of Machiavelli† were proposing a completely pragmatic approach to politics, which had detached any emotional appeal, finite goal, or ground for ethical judgment, which Carr readil y found to have no basis.This would leave any one then reading this book wander the way one then should look at world politics.   The author then made his theory of international relations clearer in the second half of the book.   What he theorized as is that power or drive for supremacy is the main driving force of international politics. He denied not the fact that every state has selfish interest and that no interaction in the international arena can be well explained without making an assumption to the selfish nature of states. These countries according to Carr lust for influence and to the conflictual character of politics. He defined power to be referring to military as the most important, because of the possibility of war that was always present then.Power could also be economic, or ideological. He thus believed that power is not the only force at work in the international arena. As to how can this be, Carr, as distinguished from the â€Å"extreme† realists, believ es that morality plays a role in politics.   His conception of ethics, however, is not embodied as part of one he is opposing, the theory of the utopian philosopher. Instead what Carr theorized on is a â€Å"realistic† morality, found and felt in the actual behaviour of the states that recognize each other as belonging to the same community. Commonality for membership in the same community lies with similar goals and â€Å"feelings† of said members.There is basis to look at the authors position on ethics in international relations as having significant limitations which should include the need and concern for self-preservation) so that denying not to have   any function in politics may sound to be baseless since man must not be forgotten that he can be sociable as well as egoistic. Thus in trying to find the middle ground or the so called â€Å"golden mean† that is between complete power and purely morality based on utopianism, Carr’s analysis of inte rnational law did show his plausible view in international relation. It may be just logical to understand his argument not to obey the law because it is â€Å"good† or out of pure imposition.He believes then powerful countries then do so make decisions because law gives certainty and regularity to an order and such situations do show both the systemic distribution of power and the consent of its participants. What can be inferred from Carr’s position is that, the main challenge for a system undergoing a redistribution of power via peaceful transformations of its legal order moral principles should be maintained as still important part of the process.To conclude, it may be said that the Carr’s book on The Twenty Years’ Crisis is a classic of International Relations and it’s a complex although others believe that has its simple structure.   Beyond the complexity it must be noted the author’s arguments revealed his concern the method of Inter national Relations as well as its substance. Carr’s attacking utopianism and â€Å"extreme† realism limits not only views of the human nature and of the essence of politics, but his good grasp of the relationships of thing like those between pragmatism and ethics in the study of politics making a reader to fill in some interpretation for the solution.   What must be remembered also is not his narration of the history of the inter-war international system, nor pure theoretical discussion as show in his refusal to transform arguments into universally models as he seemed to argue on case to case basis.Reference:Carr, E. (2001) The Twenty Years' Crisis 1919 -1939: An Introduction to the Study of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   International Relations (Paperback), as updated by Michael Cox

A paragraph on APA citation Racism in Middle East Essay

              Racism is one of the biggest challenges for people living in Middle East. It exists between domestic citizens and foreigners, across the ethnic groups and religions. Although religion could be the only way to integrate people, it has not been possible and instead it forms part of racism. Akbaba (2009 p. 324) argued that, â€Å"the deliberate and selective restrictions on religious minority groups may strengthen the ethnoreligious identity of those groups†. Racism is the main cause conflicts and wars among communities thus hindering it socioeconomic progress and as a result, the society lives in poverty. According to Ahmed, Nicolson, & Spencer, (2000) racism hinders populations from getting education and advancing their career thus their literacy progress being hindered. Therefore, it is important to find solution in the region so that people could assume their socioeconomic roles to improve their lives. However, this has not been an easy task to Middle East. Poor governance and political interference had led to worsening of the situation through trying to get solution through force by police officers and other authorities rather than solving it.                   The executive and legislative measures that have followed these initiatives ‘ have included mass arrests, secret and indefinite detentions, prolonged detention of ‘‘ material witnesses, ’’ closed hearings and use of secret evidence, government eavesdropping on attorney-client conversations, FBI home and work visits, wiretapping, seizures of property, removals of aliens with technical visa violations, and mandatory special registration, (Semati, 2010 p. 265).                  Lack of racism solution in Middle East can be attributed to selfish leaders who would like to remain in power for longer time and ignorant citizens who are not concerned about their development of the region. According to Ahmed et al, (2000) people in Bangladesh are aware of racism and its effects but have no time to solve the issues. A solution to racism can be found through courageous leaders who are informed and are concerned with the future of Middle East (Cohen-Almagor, 2013; Karsh, 2012; Baumann, 2013). References Ahmed, B., Nicolson, P., & Spencer, C. (2000). The social construction of racism: the case of second generation Bangladeshis. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 10(1), 41-46. Akbaba, Y. (2009). Who discriminates more? comparing religious discrimination in Western democracies, Asia and the Middle East. Civil Wars, 11(3), 321-358 Baumann,, L. (2013). The impact of national culture on project management in the Middle East. Lars Baumann, Cohen-Almagor, R. (2013). The failed peace process in the Middle East 1993-2010. Israel Affairs. N.p Karsh, E. (2012). The Middle East’s real apartheid. Journal for The Study of Antisemitism, p. 38. Semati, M. (2010). Islamophobia, culture and race in the age of empire. Cultural Studies, 24(2), 256-275. Source document

Exceptional Figures In Legend Of Sleepy Hollow English Literature Essay

The attitudes of the people toward the exceeding figures in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow will be discussed in this paper. In The Grave, society considered the grave to be an exceeding figure. Ichabod and the Headless Horseman in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow were considered outstanding characters by the community. Peoples had assorted emotions about Brom Bones and it was difficult to state what the people were believing. Robert Blair ‘s work, The Grave, shows the attitude the people had refering the glumness of the grave. Ichabod was tall and lanky with immense custodies and narrow shoulders. He besides had long weaponries and legs. He had green eyes and his olfactory organ could state which way the air current was blowing. Ichabod ever put the load on the strong alternatively of the weak and helped out in his vicinity. When Ichabod did n't demo up at school where he was a schoolmaster for yearss, people thought that he was dead. I think possibly he did n't desire to cover with all the play with Hans Van Ripper and the town ‘s people. He helped with the vicinity choir and was considered the â€Å" singing-master † of the group. He was handpicked by the people to take the vocalizing during Sunday church services. Ichabod ‘s personality besides had an evil, anti- hero side. For illustration, while he was taking attention of the weak babes, Ichabod would be looking for the beautiful lady of the house. He wanted them to make things for him, such as do his repasts and possibly other favours. The lone ground he was a instructor was to have free repasts and live the easy life. He would travel to the weak in order to acquire what he wanted. Brom Bones, another character in the Legend of Sleepy Hollow, is considered to be an outstanding figure and an anti- hero in his community. I feel that he was considered a bad cat when jobs in town occurred. Peoples in town had assorted feelings about him. They did n't cognize what to believe of him. Every clip there was a bash, all of the town ‘s people would ever fault him for the battle. Brom Bones liked to affect the Dutch by demoing his witchery to the married womans and comets and hiting stars. In The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, another extraordinary character is the shade. There were many people in the town who were afraid to travel out tardily at dark, because they feared the Headless Horseman was doing his unit of ammunitions to the church graveyard. The fable is that it was the â€Å" shade of a Hessian cavalryman † , whose caput had been carried off by a cannon-ball in some unidentified conflict during the Revolutionary War. â€Å" It was of all time and anon seen by the state common people travel rapidlying along in the somberness of dark. † I think the Headless Horseman is merely seeking to acquire back to the conflict to happen his caput. He ever returns to the God's acre before daytime Begins. I do n't believe the Headless Horseman is person to be feared ; he is merely seeking urgently to happen his caput. In Robert Blair ‘s The Grave everyone ‘s grave is considered glooming and awful and an exceeding figure to society. Everyone in this narrative thinks the grave is bad and non a topographic point to travel. For illustration, in the narrative it mentions the grave as â€Å" the keys of snake pit and decease. † Peoples were afraid because life was like Eden and death is like traveling to hell. In the narrative, Blair besides talks about how peaceable and unagitated it is. When he uses the word peace, he is speaking about how the organic structure is when 1 ‘s true psyche eventually finds it. One will eventually turn to dust and be given back to the land which they were given as a gift of life. There is one grave at the graveyard that ever vanishes at dark. It ‘s a freshly opened grave. I feel this means that when a individual is dead, they can come back to life. It reminds me that people are truly merely populating their lives off of borrowed clip and life is non to be taken for granted. Time is cherished, which is something that people tend to bury. I do n't believe it was their whole organic structures, but merely their liquors. Even in today ‘s society, there is a telecasting show called â€Å" The Haunting, † where they find evil liquors inquiring about. I think all liquors that are left on Earth are merely evil liquors desiring to harm all the good people in our society. In The Grave, it discusses people holding life after decease. For illustration, it states that â€Å" Of the good Man is PEACE. † I think this shows that if a individual dies a good individual, they have nil to worry approximately. The people during the Romantic Time period should hold been able to travel to heaven and non be worried about the grave and the result of their life. If a individual lives a good life, so they will travel to heaven. A individual should n't be afraid of deceasing. A individual should be happy and rejoice because they are traveling to a better topographic point. In The Grave, there are non people that think about decease and themselves at the same clip. For illustration, the book states â€Å" as if to larn to decease were no concern of ours. † I think the people back so merely did n't cognize when their clip would be so they did n't brood on it. They knew that it was a portion of life and it happened to everybody. Peoples of those times should hold thought about it some ; it ‘s foolish non to believe about it at all. A individual does n't cognize if tomorrow is traveling to their last twenty-four hours. God can stop this universe whenever he wants ; it ‘s his and he created it. I hope that people of that clip thought about the true significance of life for God every twenty-four hours. All in all, the extraordinary figures did cognize the difference between life and decease. Ichabod and the Headless Horsemen were good known by their communities. They were known as non all bad, but more of a split personality. I think Brom Bones besides had some good qualities about him because he did assist in his community. Peoples did n't merely look at the glumness in the grave, but besides on the bright side of the hereafter.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marketing - Essay Example Marketing has been defined differently by various authors. As per Eztel, Walker and Stanton (2003), ‘Marketing is a total system of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and distribute want-satisfying products to target markets in order to achieve organisational objectives’. On the other hand, Kotler (2003) defines marketing as ‘a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with each others’. These two definitions provide significant insight into the main operations of marketing, vis-Ã  -vis planning, pricing, promotion and distribution. The American Marketing Association provides another definition of marketing as ‘the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organisational goals’ (Bennett, 1995). There are three main eras through which marketing has evolved as a revolutionary concept and has taken its current form. These include product orientation period (Eztel, Walker and Stanton, 2003) in which demand were greater than supply, manufacturing and production were limited and industries were not fully developed or capable to take care of the needs of the market. In this period, the main focus of the companies were on producing large quantities of products to satisfy the ever more increasing wants and needs of the target market. Little, if at all, efforts were used to be put in the marketing of products through searching the customers. This was followed by sale orientation stage (Eztel, Walker and Stanton, 2003). In this period, customers used to have relatively lower purchasing power, hence companies began hard selling through overly aggressive advertising and heavy reliance on promotional activities. In the post world war II era of 1950s and onwards, market orientation has emerged as

Interpretation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpretation Paper - Essay Example Instead, he suggest that why wouldn’t people appreciate that they can as well handle the matter by themselves through reconciliation. Paul reminds the Corinthians that they would have power to judge the angels and as such, it is ridiculous that they would subject themselves to other men, who do not believe in their faith, in the form of judges, to handle their cases. It is not like Paul does not appreciate the role of the judges, but rather, he confronts the weakness within the church, to the extent to which non among them would be able to stand for the rest to provide counsel. The intension of the author was to inculcate the spirit of reconciliation among the believers in the Corinth. This was ultimately to appreciate the spirit of forgiveness among the believers, and never to expose their differences to the non-believers. Dare any of you, having a matter against another, go to law before the unjust and not before the saint? (1st Corinthians , 6:1).1 Literally, Paul is putting the role of the jury in question based on the faith they harbor. Though the question seem to be directed to the believers in Corinth, the fairness of the courts in handling the Christians cases is put to question. Sucintly, Christians are challenged to appreciate that there is no fairness in courts that would match forgiveness in Christ. The answer to Paul’s question is no! In faith every Christian should forgive others and never to seek revenge. I speak to your shame. Is it so, that there is not a wise man among you? No not one that shall be able to judge between his brethren? (1st Corinthians, 6:2) At this instance, Paul presents a case which contradicts traditional understanding of Christianity. First, there would not be any need to judge since judgment is left to God alone. But the answer is yes! There are wise men among the Christians who are able to provide counsel but not to judge them. Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit